Human caring behavior is defined by empathy (i.e., resonating with others’ emotions), compassion (i.e., motivation to reduce suffering), and prosociality (i.e., helping others), underpinning human evolutionary success by fostering social bonds and cooperation. In contrast, psychopathy is defined by extreme uncaring (i.e., callousness, recklessness, violence) generating vast societal costs and suffering. Our program of research focuses on characterizing the full caring-uncaring spectrum, including investigations of empathy, affiliation, prosociality in typically developing samples and the presence of callousness and uncaring in children with behavior problems. The goal of this work is to fully characterize the developmental origins of individual differences in caring vs. uncaring to reveal why some children grow to be cooperative, empathic adults, while others veer towards antisocial or antagonistic conduct. This work has the potential to guide novel prevention and treatment efforts to reduce the societal harm caused by antisocial behavior, while pointing to novel ways to foster kindness and caring in ways that can improve well-being and the potential for happiness and flourishing.
Relevant peer-reviewed publications
- Paz, Y., All, K., Kohli, S., Plate, R. C., Viding, E., & Waller, R. (2024). Why Should I? Examining How Childhood Callous-Unemotional Traits Relate to Prosocial and Affiliative Behaviors and Motivations. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 52, 1075-1087
- Perlstein, S., Wagner, N., Dominguez-Alvarez, B., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., Romero, E., Lopez-Romero, L., & Waller, R. (2023). Psychometric properties, factor structure, and validity of the sensitivity to threat and affiliative reward scale in children and adults. Assessment, 30, 1914-1934
- Plate, R.C., Zhao, S., Katz, C., Graber, E., Daley, G., Corbett, N., All, K., Neumann, C.S., & Waller, R.^ (2022). Are you laughing with me or at me? Psychopathic traits and the ability to distinguish between affiliation and dominance laughter cues. Journal of Personality, 90, 631–644
- Domínguez-Álvarez, B., Romero, E., López-Romero, L., Isdahl-Troye, A., Wagner, N., & Waller, R. (2021). A Cross-Sectional and longitudinal test of the Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) model of callous-unemotional traits among Spanish
- *Waller, R., *Wagner, N.J., Flom, M., Ganiban, J., & Saudino, K.J. (2021). Fearlessness and low social affiliation as unique developmental precursors of callous-unemotional behaviors in preschoolers. Psychological Medicine, 51, 777-785 *authors contributed equally to this manuscript
- Raine, A., Chen, F.R., & Waller, R. (2022). The Cognitive, Affective and Somatic Empathy Scales for Adults. Personality And Individual Differences, 185, 111238
- Waller, R., Wagner, N.J., Barstead, M.G., Subar, A., Petersen, J.L., Hyde, J.S., & Hyde, L.W. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of the Associations between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Empathy, Prosociality, and Guilt. Clinical Psychology Review, 75, 10180
- Waller, R. & Wagner, N. (2019). The Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) Model and the Development of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 656-671
- Waller, R. & Hyde, L.W. (2018). Callous-Unemotional Behaviors in Early Childhood: The Development of Empathy and Prosociality Gone Awry. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 11-16

